**Aftershocks: Understanding the Tremors After a Major Earthquake** **What are Aftershocks?** Aftershocks are smaller earthquakes that follow a larger one, known as the main shock. They typically occur within 1-2 days, but can continue for months or even years after the initial event. Aftershocks are the result of the Earth's crust adjusting to the sudden release of energy during the main shock. **Causes of Aftershocks** Aftershocks occur when the fault that caused the main earthquake releases energy as it readjusts. These smaller earthquakes are caused by the redistribution of stress in the fault zone. Aftershocks are often concentrated along the same fault as the main shock, but can also occur on nearby faults. **Forecasting Aftershocks** The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) produces aftershock forecasts that provide the probability and expected number of aftershocks in a region following a large earthquake. These forecasts are based on historical data and statistical models. **Effects of Aftershocks** Aftershocks can cause damage to structures that were already weakened by the main shock. They can also pose a threat to people who live in areas affected by the earthquake. It's important to remain prepared for aftershocks and follow the instructions of local authorities. **Research on Aftershocks** Researchers from the University of California, Berkeley and the California Institute of Technology recently analyzed earthquake data from around the world to understand the relationship between aftershocks and the type of fault movement that caused the main shock. Their findings suggest that aftershocks are more common when the fault lines moved horizontally, rather than vertically. **Staying Safe During Aftershocks** If you experience an aftershock, stay calm and follow these steps: * Drop to the ground, take cover under a sturdy table or desk, and hold on. * Stay away from windows, outside doors, and balconies. * If you are outside, move to an open area away from buildings, trees, and power lines. * Remain alert and monitor the surroundings for further aftershocks or other hazards.
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